Anal Cancer, HPV, and Risk Factors 

Anal cancer is uncommon, but cases have been increasing. Most anal cancers are linked to human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus passed through sexual contact. 

 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends HPV vaccination for boys and young men starting at age 9 through age 26. The vaccine lowers the risk of anal cancer and other HPV-related cancers, including cancers of the penis, throat, and tongue. HPV vaccination also helps reduce the spread of HPV to sexual partners. This vaccine has only been available in recent years, however. 

Anal HPV infection can affect men with different sexual histories and is not caused by any one sexual practice. Men who only have female partners can also get anal cancer. Risk may be higher for people with multiple sexual partners or inconsistent condom use.  

Some infections, especially HIV, can increase the risk of anal cancer. HIV weakens the immune system, which can make it harder for the body to clear HPV. People living with HIV may develop anal cancer at a younger age and may have a higher risk of recurrence after treatment. With modern HIV treatment, many men living with HIV can still be treated successfully for anal cancer with chemoradiation. 

Sexual Health After Chemoradiation 

After understanding risk factors and prevention, it may also help to know how treatment can affect sexual health, bowel function, and daily quality of life. 

Anal cancer is often treated with chemotherapy and radiation together, called chemoradiation.  This treatment can affect the nerves and blood vessels involved in erections. Many men may experience erectile dysfunction (ED) after treatment. Other common problems include trouble controlling urination and fatigue. About 20% of men have chronic diarrhea and trouble with bowel accidents. 

Radiation may also lower testosterone, which can affect desire, erections, arousal, and orgasm. If you have these symptoms, ask your care team whether blood testing or treatment for low testosterone may help. 

• Keeping Your Penis Healthy 

• A Guide to Treatments for ED 

• Three ways to Rekindle the Spark

• Finding Expert Help For Fertility Issues 

• Sexual Activity During Treatment