If you have a cancer diagnosis, you may have heard the word “immunotherapy” during your oncology visits. Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It is often used alongside chemotherapy but can also be given alone or in combination with radiation and/or surgery. 

To understand how immunotherapy works, it helps to first look at the immune system. Your immune system is made up of cells, organs, and lymph tissue that work together to fight infections and diseases. Normally, the immune system detects and eliminates abnormal cells, including cancer cells. However, some cancer cells find ways to hide from immune defenses, making it harder for the body to recognize them as harmful. 

Immunotherapy acts like a security upgrade for your immune system, helping it better detect and attack cancer cells. By stimulating the body’s natural defenses, immunotherapy helps the immune system find and attack cancer cells that might otherwise stay hidden. 

Immunotherapy can be given in several forms, depending on the type of cancer: 

• Intravenous (IV) infusion 

• Oral medication (a pill) 

• Topical cream (applied to the skin for certain cancers like melanoma) 

• Direct injection into the bladder (via a urinary catheter for bladder cancer) 

Your oncologist will determine the best method based on your specific diagnosis. 

Immunotherapy is often used along with other treatments. It may be given with chemotherapy, before or after radiation, or on its own for certain cancers. Some cancers have specific traits that make them more likely to respond to immunotherapy. 

Because immunotherapy is a newer and evolving treatment, ongoing clinical studies continue to study how well it works for different types and stages of cancer. 

If immunotherapy is part of your treatment plan, asking the right questions can help you feel more informed and prepared: 

• What immunotherapy drug(s) will I be receiving? 

• Will this treatment be combined with chemotherapy or other therapies? 

• What are the most common side effects? 

• When should I expect to experience these side effects? 

• When should I call your office with concerns? 

• How often will I receive treatment? 

• Are there any precautions I should take while on immunotherapy?

Immunotherapy is an important development in cancer treatment, offering new options for many patients. If your doctor recommends it, understanding how it works and asking questions about your treatment plan can help you feel more confident and prepared for what's ahead.